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Name -
Ali
Title -
Ar-Reza
Kunyat -
Abul Hasan
Born -
Thursday 11th of Zilqad 148 A.H. , at Medina
Father's Name -
Moosa ibn Ja'far
Mother's Name -
Ummul
Baneen Najma
Died -
At the age of 55 years, at Mashad in Khorasan, on Tuesday, 17th Safar
203 AH. Poisoned by Mamoon the Abbaside Caliph
Buried -
in Mashad, Iran .
Imam
Ali Raza (a.s), a brief look into his Life
His Parents & Birth:
HIS mother was a slave of Umme Hamida (6th Imam's
wife). When the 7th Imam had gone to buy her from the slave trader he
was told that when he was coming to Medina from Marrakesh a pious Christian
lady had told him that Bibi Suttana was a very special slave who would
bear a son who would spread the true word from the East to the West.
Umme Hamida saw the Prophet (S.A.W.) in her dream telling her to give
Bibi Suttana to Imam Musa Al-Kadhim (a.s.) which she did. The 6th Imam
used to tell his companions to await the birth of his grandson who he
addressed as Alim e Ale Muhammad. He was one of the three Imams who
did Jihad with their knowledge. (The other two were the 5th and 6th
Imams). Imam Ali Ar-Ridha (a.s.) was born one month after the martyrdom
of his grandfather Imam Ja'fer As-Sadiq
(a.s.) He was born during the reign of the Harun Al-Rashid who poisoned
his father.
His father was Imam Musa Al-Kadhim
(a.s.)
His Titles:
Ar-Ridha - Angels, Prophets, Aimma, believers and even
the enemies of Ahlul-Bayt accepted him. So much so that Mamun Rashid
had to offer him to be the heir apparent (to be the leader after him).
Imam Zamin-e-Thamin - Thamin means eight. Zamin means
safety and security. One of the incidents attributed to this title is
that one day Imam was going through the market place with a few followers
when he saw a hunter about to kill a (struggling) female deer. Imam
told the hunter to let the deer go as she wanted to feed her two young
ones who were in the forest and that she would return to the hunter
who could then kill her. The hunter thought that Imam was making a fool
out of him. Imam stood in surety and the hunter allowed the deer to
go. A little while later the deer returned with her young ones and asked
Imam to look after them. We believe that if anyone who is going on a
journey goes under the security of Imam he/she will return safely.
Gharibul-Ghurabaa (One who is a stranger i.e. he is away
from his hometown). Imam was far away from his home and family and he
is the only Imam who is buried out of Iraq and Hejaz (Saudi Arabia).
Alim e Aali Mohammed - The learned one from Aale Muhammad.
This name was given to him by his grandfather (Imam Ja'fer As-Sadiq
(a.s.)).
Life And Works
Imam played a significant role in the educating of Muslims. Setting
examples of education through one's own conduct.
He saw a short period of the rule of Harun Rashid who had murdered his
father. Harun Rashid also attempted to kill Imam Ali Ridha (a.s.) but
was unsuccessful. After Harun's death, his sons, Amin and Mamun fought
for power. Mamun won with Amin being killed.
Immediately after becoming the Khalifa Mamun, according to the tradition
started by Muawiya, had to name a successor (heir apparent) . Mamun
summoned Imam to come to his capital Marw sending a messenger to Medina
to bring the Imam to him and specifying a certain route and sending
a security force . The route he chose was not the normal route where,
a lot of Shia's lived. On the way they entered a town called Nishapur.
There the scholars and people requested Imam to tell them a hadith.
Imam related the following hadith which is known as the hadith of the
golden chain.
"My father Musa Al-Kadhim narrated to me from his father Ja'fer As-Sadiq
from his father Mohammed Al-Baqir from his father Ali Zaynul Abedeen
from his father , the martyr of Kerbala from his father Ali ibn Abu
Talib saying :"My loved one, and the pleasure of my eyes, the Messenger
of God (S.A.W.) told me once, that Jibrail told him from the Lord "The
kalima of LA ILAHA ILLALLAH is my fort; whoever said it would enter
my fort; and whoever entered my fort was safe from my punishment".
Those who wrote down the hadith numbered twenty thousand. People started
reciting the Kalima when Imam put his hand up and continued: "Yes, the
kalima is Allah's fort. It will provide you with excellent safety but
on one condition only and that is that you obey and follow us - the
holy Imams in the progeny of the holy Prophet (S.A.W.). On reaching
Marw Mamun forced Imam to accept the heir apparency (To be the leader
after him). Imam accepted unwillingly.
Why did Mamun want Imam to be the heir apparent ?
1. To please the Shia public opinion in Khurasan and the surrounding
areas which would make it easier for Mamun to be accepted by the people
there and a victory over his brother Amin.
2. To avoid clashes with those like the Alawids who had always threatened
the Abbasids with various uprisings.
Mamun celebrated the occasion of Imam's acceptance of heir apparency.
Imam only gave a short sermon saying after he had praised Allah "We
have over you a right appointed by the Prophet, and you have a right
over us as well; so if you fulfil your duty towards us, we will be bound
to perform our duty towards you".
Mamun ordered a new coin to be minted with Imam Ar-Ridha's name on it.
Imam however knew that this would not last long.
Soon Mamun put Imam under constant watch. Imam used the position to
spread the true word of Islam. Mamun's court was visited by thousands
and Imam made an impact on their minds. His ahadith were widely recorded.
Mamun who was fond of scholarly discussions would arrange for intellectuals
from Greece, Italy , India etc. to come to his court and hold discussions
with the Imam.
One day a Jewish scholar was brought by Mamun to debate with Imam. The
scholar asked: "How can you accept Muhammad to be the prophet of God
when he showed no miracles ? "
Imam replied : "The greatest of miracles of Allah is the human mind.
It allows ideas to be thought through and reasoned out. Islam appeals
to human reason. Man must accept God through reason and not through
miracles ".
The scholar did not have much to say after that answer.
Imam also encouraged greatly the remembrance of Imam Husayn (a.s.)
Mamun was never sincere in his behaviour towards Imam. Seeing the Imam's
popularity increase disturbed him immensely especially after the occasion
when he requested Imam to lead Eid prayers as he was not well. He saw
that even before Imam had reached the mosque the people had lined the
streets and were reciting takbir and it seemed that even the walls of
Marw were doing the same. He had to ask Imam to go back that day.
There are various accounts of how Imam Ali Ar-Ridha (a.s.) was killed
by Mamun. One of them is that Imam used to like grapes and Mamun offered
Imam poisoned grapes. Imam was ill and died after two days on the 29th
Safar 203 a.h.
Imam Ali Ar-Ridha (a.s.) died in Toos in a village called Sanabad. He
had only one son, Imam Muhammad At-Taqi (a.s.), who succeeded him as
the 9th Imam.
Mamun ordered Imam's grave to be dug near his father Harun's and when
it was being dug he said that Imam had told him that when his grave
would be dug water and fish would appear underneath. Just as Imam had
said when they finished digging a spring of water appeared with fish
in it and then disappeared. Imam is buried there at what is today called
Mashhad in IRAN.
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